1. Cell communication processes share common features that reflect a shared evolutionary history
a. In single celled-organisms, signal transduction pathways influence how the cell responds to the environment
Quorum sensing allows for bacteria cells to bacteria to coordinate their actions to carry out chemical activities in unity. To communicate, bacteria cells secrete small molecules that are recognized by other, similar bacteria cells. The bacteria cells then vote to perform a particular, chemical actions that the single bacterial cells could not perform on their own.
b. I multicellular organisms, signal transduction pathways coordinate the activities within individual cells that support the function of the organism as a whole
Epinephrine is a hormone that works with a G protein coupled receptor in order to break down proteins. The epinephrine breaks down polysaccharide glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles. This also for the fuel reserves to become active so that animals will be able to defend itself or leave a situation, a concept known as flight or fight.
2. Cells communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling
a. Cells communicate by cell-to-cell contact
There are cell conjunctions in both plants and animals that connect to the cytoplasm in adjacent cells that will allow signaling substances to pass between the two cells. In animals, cell recognition allows for molecules on the surface of the membrane to communicate with each other, which is important for developing embryos and the immune system.
b. Cells communicate over short distances by using local regulators that target cells in the vicinity of the emitting cell
In the nervous systems, the cells connect through synaptic signaling in which the nerves cells release molecules into the synapse, a gap between neurons. The electrical signal will then trigger a target cell, sending a message to brain and other parts of the body.
c. Signals released by one cell type can travel long distances to target cells of another type
Endocrine signaling are cells designed to release hormones to travel to different parts of the body through the circulatory system to get to specific target cells and react for a certain purpose. Endocrine signaling is very important for hormones like insulin, which regulates the sugar level in blood.
3. Changes in signal transduction pathways can alter cellular response
a. Conditions where signal transduction is blocked or defective can be deleterious, preventative or prophylactic
Nuclear and Cytoplasmic response pathways can lead to cell division. The messengers for the cell division include the growth of plant and animal cells, which can cause the development of cancer. The regulation of gene activity will cause a particular gene activity to occur, which can cause cancer because there will be a build up of cells that may potentially form into a tumor.
a. In single celled-organisms, signal transduction pathways influence how the cell responds to the environment
Quorum sensing allows for bacteria cells to bacteria to coordinate their actions to carry out chemical activities in unity. To communicate, bacteria cells secrete small molecules that are recognized by other, similar bacteria cells. The bacteria cells then vote to perform a particular, chemical actions that the single bacterial cells could not perform on their own.
b. I multicellular organisms, signal transduction pathways coordinate the activities within individual cells that support the function of the organism as a whole
Epinephrine is a hormone that works with a G protein coupled receptor in order to break down proteins. The epinephrine breaks down polysaccharide glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles. This also for the fuel reserves to become active so that animals will be able to defend itself or leave a situation, a concept known as flight or fight.
2. Cells communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling
a. Cells communicate by cell-to-cell contact
There are cell conjunctions in both plants and animals that connect to the cytoplasm in adjacent cells that will allow signaling substances to pass between the two cells. In animals, cell recognition allows for molecules on the surface of the membrane to communicate with each other, which is important for developing embryos and the immune system.
b. Cells communicate over short distances by using local regulators that target cells in the vicinity of the emitting cell
In the nervous systems, the cells connect through synaptic signaling in which the nerves cells release molecules into the synapse, a gap between neurons. The electrical signal will then trigger a target cell, sending a message to brain and other parts of the body.
c. Signals released by one cell type can travel long distances to target cells of another type
Endocrine signaling are cells designed to release hormones to travel to different parts of the body through the circulatory system to get to specific target cells and react for a certain purpose. Endocrine signaling is very important for hormones like insulin, which regulates the sugar level in blood.
3. Changes in signal transduction pathways can alter cellular response
a. Conditions where signal transduction is blocked or defective can be deleterious, preventative or prophylactic
Nuclear and Cytoplasmic response pathways can lead to cell division. The messengers for the cell division include the growth of plant and animal cells, which can cause the development of cancer. The regulation of gene activity will cause a particular gene activity to occur, which can cause cancer because there will be a build up of cells that may potentially form into a tumor.